Abstract: The rapid expansion of the internet and digital technologies has transformed the way individuals communicate, work, learn, conduct financial transactions, and participate in society. While these developments have created unprecedented opportunities for economic growth, social connectivity, and access to information, they have also raised serious concerns regarding individual privacy and the protection of personal data. In India, the increasing use of social media platforms, digital payment systems, e-governance services, biometric identification, artificial intelligence, and online commercial services has significantly changed the nature and scope of privacy.

The recognition of privacy as a fundamental right by the Supreme Court of India in Justice K.S. Puttaswamy (Retd.) v. Union of India (2017) marked a significant milestone in the development of privacy jurisprudence in the country. Subsequently, the enactment of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, represented an important legislative development in the regulation of digital personal data. However, the rapid evolution of technology continues to create challenges relating to informed consent, data security, surveillance, identity theft, profiling, and the responsible use of personal information.

This research paper examines the changing dimensions of privacy in the internet era, with particular reference to India. It analyses the constitutional, legal, technological, and social aspects of privacy and explores the challenges associated with safeguarding individual autonomy in an increasingly digital society. The paper argues that effective privacy protection requires a balanced approach involving appropriate legislation, institutional accountability, technological safeguards, digital literacy, and responsible behaviour by internet users.

Keywords: Privacy, Internet, Digital Personal Data, India, Fundamental Rights, Data Protection, Cybersecurity, Digital Surveillance, Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023.