Abstract: High amounts of heavy metals and organic pollutants have been discharged into the environment through industrialization and agricultural activities, thus posing harmful effects to human health as well as ecological stability. Conventional remediation techniques include excavation and chemical treatments that are usually very costly and ecologically damaging. This paper focuses on phytoremediation and looks at how hyperaccumulator plants have played a key role in this sustainable biological cleanup of contaminated environments. The highly exceptional ability of taking up and storing heavy metals in tissues as well as persistence under toxic conditions has been demonstrated by hyperaccumulators such as Brassica juncea, Thlaspicaerulescens, and Pterisvittata. Mechanisms of action include metal chelation, efficient transport systems, and compartmentalization that allows safe storage of contaminants. Whereas there is great promise in phytoremediation through the use of hyperaccumulators, this ability is relatively limited by slow growth rates, bioavailability of metals, and site-specific conditions. There are vast scopes for further research work on genetic engineering, increased resistance of the plants, and novel soil management strategies to ensure increased efficiency of phytoremediation. Overcoming such issues will contribute to sustainable efforts for the cleanup of the environment through green alternatives rather than traditional remediation techniques.

Keywords :Hyperaccumulators, Industrialization, Phytoremediation, contamination.