Introduction: Plants are the bedrock of all terrestrial ecosystems and are central to sustaining life on Earth. They play a crucial and multifaceted role in maintaining ecological balance by providing a vast array of ecosystem services that are essential not only for biodiversity but also for human survival and development. From supplying oxygen through photosynthesis to regulating the climate, purifying air and water, stabilizing soil, and supporting food systems, the contributions of plants span ecological, economic, and social dimensions. The concept of ecosystem services, formally defined and popularized through initiatives such as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005), refers to the benefits that humans derive from natural ecosystems. These services are broadly categorized into four groups: provisioning, regulating, supporting, and cultural services. Within this framework, plants emerge as indispensable providers across all categories, forming the primary producers of biomass and the base of the food chain for all herbivores and omnivores, including humans.