Abstract: The rapid growth of social media platforms has fostered unparalleled connectivity, but it has also led to the rise of hate speech in online spaces. This study aims to explore the causes of hate speech on social media, its consequences on individuals and society, and potential mitigation strategies. By analyzing key drivers such as anonymity, echo chambers, and ideological polarization, the research seeks to understand the complex dynamics of hate speech in digital environments. The consequences of hate speech are examined from psychological, social, and political perspectives, particularly its impact on marginalized groups. Lastly, this paper proposes various strategies—ranging from algorithmic interventions to policy reforms—to reduce the prevalence of hate speech on social media platforms. Through an interdisciplinary approach, this study contributes to the ongoing debate on how to balance free speech with the need for online safety and civility.

Keywords: Hate speech, social media, online discourse, causes, consequences, mitigation strategies, free speech, digital platforms, algorithmic intervention, online safety, social responsibility.